How to Measure Bullet Velocity
Bullet velocity is often discussed in relation to ammunition. But how can we measure this value, what tools are used, and how can we work with it further?
Why is it useful to know bullet velocity? Primarily for calculating the ballistic trajectory. If you know the projectile's velocity, weight, ballistic coefficient (usually stated by the manufacturer), and a few other variables, you can input this data into a ballistic calculator, which will then generate a model of the trajectory. This allows you to determine bullet drop over distance and apply the correct compensation (see the example in the box). This should always be verified on the range, but it gives you very accurate results without wasting large amounts of ammunition.
Secondly, knowing the impact velocity and energy at various distances helps evaluate hunting bullet performance, as different designs expand differently. Manufacturers usually list the optimal impact velocity range, which lets you verify the effective range of your load. For weaker cartridges, it also tells you whether you're meeting the minimum required energy. For handloaders, a chronograph lets you fine-tune your loads to your specific needs. Reloading software may estimate muzzle velocity, but in reality, results often differ. Factory ammo velocity printed on the box also cannot be fully trusted, as it’s usually measured from long, non-standard barrels (e.g. 660 mm), whereas in practice most shooters use barrels 559 mm, 510 mm, or shorter—which significantly lowers muzzle velocity.
Title photo: Ballistic Precision Chronograph.
Results can be transferred to a smartphone app, averaged, and saved.For whom and with what?
In "home" settings, the most common tool for velocity measurement is the chronograph. This is an optoelectronic device with two sensors spaced a few decimeters apart that detect the bullet's passage. The control unit measures the time between those sensors and calculates velocity accordingly. The question is—do you actually need a chronograph? Many hunters shoot within 200 meters using proven factory ammo and have no real need for one. Ballistic drop can be determined on the range by shooting at different distances, and some shooting ranges even offer chronographs for rent. Alternatively, clubs can share a single chronograph, making it more affordable. Still, chronographs aren’t the only or even the best way to measure velocity. Enthusiasts looking for maximum precision in all lighting conditions and advanced functions may turn to Doppler radar systems like the popular Labradar. The downside is the price: traditional chronographs start at about CZK 4,000, while Labradar LX costs over CZK 18,000, the older V1 about CZK 15,700, and even the cheapest Garmin Xero C1 is CZK 14,490. It all depends on your needs, preferences, and budget. Personally, I believe anyone who handloads, enjoys the process, shoots beyond 300 meters, or desires ultimate precision, will appreciate having a chronograph.
Chronograph by Caldwell
Following the rather lengthy introduction, here comes a hands-on review of an affordable yet fully functional chronograph—the Ballistic Precision Chronograph by Caldwell.
Let me note at the outset that I tested the original, older variant, which is still available for purchase, although the manufacturer is now phasing it out. This doesn’t diminish the relevance of the review, as the newer version differs only by the presence of a Bluetooth interface for communication with a smartphone, replacing the original connection cable. The new version also has a slightly different body shape, wider sunshades, and a marginally higher price—but it’s essentially the same unit, just wireless. The original cable uses a standard 3.5 mm jack, compatible with most phones (and all with an adapter), and is about 8 meters long. The wired setup feels a bit outdated, but apart from the occasional cable tangle, everything worked flawlessly. Given the Bluetooth successor, I won’t dwell on this further in the review.
The package includes a simple pouch for transport and the mentioned cable. The entire setup measures 40×12×10 cm and is very lightweight. It fits into any backpack, so portability is not an issue. Before use, the unit must be assembled: insert four metal rods into the base and slide two sunshades over them—this ensures proper sensor function. Assembly is quick and easy, taking about half a minute.
Without a tripod, the unit tends to shift due to its low weight. Solution: use a tripod or place it further from the muzzle—though that’s not always possible.
The chronograph has only one control element: a switch for power and units (m/s or fps).Cheap but Durable Design
To be fair, the chronograph looks and feels a bit cheap at first glance. Two screwed-together plastic shells, unimpressive design, less-than-perfect fit, and occasional molding flash. On the other hand, it’s surprisingly tough. I didn’t go easy on it. For example, one time the muzzle blast knocked it off the bench onto concrete, and aside from a few scuffs, it survived unharmed. I've put several hundred rounds through it so far, including 9×19 mm, .44 Mag, .223 Rem, 6.5 Creedmoor, .308 Win, .444 Marlin, and 7mm Rem Mag. The stronger cartridges do “blast” the area in front of the muzzle, but the chronograph holds up. Well… it mostly holds up. The muzzle blast sometimes has enough force to blow the plastic sunshades off. They’re made of thick yet flexible plastic and are mounted on steel rods, so no damage occurs—but you do have to get up and reassemble everything. I solved this by adding two bungee cords, which hold the shades tight to the body and prevent them from being blown off.
There is only one control element: a slide switch on the side that toggles between off, meters per second, and feet per second. On the other side is the cable connector. It’s powered by a standard 9V battery, which fits in a tray on the bottom, and there’s space for a spare under the cover. At the bottom, there’s a standard ¼-20 tripod thread. Yes, you can place it on a table or on the ground, but because of its low weight, muzzle blast can move it. A cheap tripod for a few hundred crowns easily solves this issue.
Example of an output from the Hornady ballistic calculator.
Ballistic Calculations
There are many ballistic calculators available online. Personally, I use the one from Hornady, available at hornady.com or as a mobile app. You simply enter variables such as: muzzle velocity of a specific bullet, ballistic coefficient, diameter and weight, zeroing distance, scope height over bore, and environmental data like temperature, altitude, and wind speed/direction. The result is a precise model of the ballistic curve in a clear chart. You’ll see how velocity and energy change with distance, bullet drop, and the required adjustment—whether to hold over or dial your scope. If you're shooting at extended ranges, this is an essential tool.
Light Sensitivity Issues
You can significantly improve performance with auxiliary lighting. Caldwell offers optional LED-equipped sunshades for CZK 1,515. Or you can go for the Ballistic Precision G2 Chronograph, which includes integrated lighting and other features. It's powered by a built-in rechargeable battery, includes a tripod, but costs CZK 9,152.
You can also try DIY lighting setups. Most standard light sources flicker, which the human eye doesn’t notice, but which can confuse the sensors. So yes, DIY is possible, but not always straightforward.
Personally, I’m satisfied with Caldwell chronographs. They have their limits, especially regarding light, but for the price, they outperform most competitors. You need a radar unit to do significantly better—but at four times the cost, making Caldwell more than sufficient for most shooters.
Advantages/Disadvantages
+ low price
+ durability
+ reasonable accuracy and simplicity
– sensitivity to light conditions
– construction
The main issue is providing suitable lighting—direct sun or dim conditions are problematic.
Higher-end Ballistic Precision G2 Chronograph includes lighting, is more advanced, powered by a built-in rechargeable battery, and includes a tripod.
Chronographs for measuring bullet velocity – Ballistic Precision Chronograph – as well as other products from the Caldwell brand can be purchased at STROBL.cz s.r.o. More information is available at strobl.cz or on the manufacturer’s website caldwellshooting.com
Photo sources: Author’s archive, manufacturer’s materials - caldwellshooting.com
Author: Tomáš Prachař
Originally published in Lovec magazine by Extra Publishing